In many rural communities in Nigeria, artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is more than just a livelihood — it is a cornerstone of local economies. Despite operating largely outside formal regulatory frameworks, these miners, often using rudimentary tools and methods, are fueling economic activity, providing employment, and contributing significantly to the nation’s mineral wealth.
Artisanal and small-scale mining is a major economic activity in Nigeria. According to estimates, over two million Nigerians depend on ASM for their livelihoods, with the sector accounting for more than 70% of the country’s mining output. These miners extract a variety of minerals, including gold, tin, columbite-tantalite (coltan), and barite — all crucial for both domestic use and export.
In states like Nasarawa, Plateau, and Benue, mining activities have spurred the growth of local markets, small businesses, and service industries. Miners spend their earnings on goods and services, thereby stimulating demand and fostering economic development in these regions. This economic activity provides an alternative to traditional agriculture, which is often less profitable due to factors such as land degradation and climate change.
Despite its economic contributions, the ASM sector faces numerous challenges that hinder its full potential. Many operations are unregulated, resulting in unsafe working conditions, environmental degradation, and serious health risks. The use of hazardous materials like mercury in gold extraction poses significant threats to both miners and surrounding communities. Furthermore, the lack of formalisation means that miners often have limited access to financial services, training, and technology — all of which could improve productivity and safety.
Social issues also persist. In some communities, the rise of mining activities has led to a decline in school attendance, with children dropping out to work in the mines. This not only jeopardises their futures but also perpetuates the cycle of poverty. Moreover, the absence of formal governance structures sometimes leads to disputes over land rights and resource allocation.
Recognising the importance of ASM, various stakeholders are working to integrate the sector into the formal economy to promote sustainable development. The Nigerian government, through the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, has launched capacity-building programmes aimed at equipping miners with modern techniques and safety protocols. These initiatives also focus on environmental conservation practices to mitigate the negative impacts of mining.
The future of ASM in Nigeria hinges on its successful formalisation. This will require concerted efforts from government, industry stakeholders, and local communities to develop clear policies, provide necessary infrastructure, and encourage sustainable practices. By addressing the challenges and harnessing ASM’s potential, Nigeria can ensure that its mineral resources contribute to inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
As the sector evolves, it is essential to recognise the contributions of small-scale miners and support their transition towards more sustainable and formalised operations. With the right policies and support systems in place, ASM can continue to be a vital source of economic opportunity for Nigeria’s rural communities.
In addition, the establishment of cooperatives and training centres has been encouraged to foster collective bargaining, improve access to resources, and enhance the bargaining power of miners. These cooperatives can also serve as platforms for advocating for miners’ rights and interests.
Community development programmes are integral to these efforts. By improving access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure, these programmes aim to address the broader socio-economic challenges faced by mining communities. Such holistic approaches ensure that the benefits of mining activities are equitably distributed and contribute to the overall well-being of these communities.
