Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has long played a significant role in Nigeria’s economy, particularly in rural communities. Despite being largely informal and often illegal, it contributes to the livelihoods of many Nigerians, especially in areas where agriculture is no longer sustainable. In fact, ASM represents about 80% of Nigeria’s mining output, predominantly in gold, tin, and limestone.
The economic impact of ASM is undeniable. It provides employment for thousands of people who may otherwise struggle to find formal work. Small-scale miners often rely on their operations to meet basic needs, sending their children to school and accessing better healthcare. Moreover, the revenue generated by ASM activities often fuels local economies, providing a much-needed source of income in rural regions.
However, the sector faces significant challenges. One of the biggest issues is the lack of regulation. Many of these miners operate without licences, leading to environmental degradation. Improper mining practices, such as the use of mercury and unsafe pit digging techniques, lead to soil erosion and water contamination. Additionally, the sector is a hotbed for health hazards, with workers exposed to dangerous chemicals and unsafe working conditions.
The government has recognised the importance of ASM, but formalising the sector has proven difficult. Many miners resist registration due to the complex bureaucratic processes involved, as well as the perceived high costs of compliance. Nevertheless, some initiatives, such as the Nigeria EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), are working to improve the sector’s governance, promoting transparency and accountability.
There is a growing call for a more integrated approach to ASM. By providing miners with better access to formal training, better mining equipment, and financial support, the government could improve their productivity and safety. Additionally, introducing environmental regulations and incentives for sustainable practices could mitigate the sector’s environmental impact.
While artisanal and small-scale mining remains an important part of Nigeria’s economy, there is a clear need for reform. A balanced approach that supports economic growth while safeguarding both human and environmental health is essential for a thriving mining sector.
